EZEANI JOHNPAUL
08063502100
Introduction
It is obvious that no country of the world today, whether developing or
industrialized can afford to overlook the blooming significance of tourism to
its economic, social, political and cultural development. Countries of the
world have become aware of the numerous benefits accruing from tourism and are
working more than ever before to develop their tourism industry of which Ezeagu
L.G.A of Enugu State is not left out (Okonkwo E.E 2010). With some observers,
tourism may now be the single largest industry on earth (World Travel and
Tourism Council, 2005). Tourism is certainly a very important vehicle for the
transfer of capital worldwide. Throughout human history, tourism has been the
only industry that accounts for the largest migration of people all year round.
Unlike other industries, tourism industry takes the customer to the product,
rather than delivering the product to the customer (Manning, 1998).
Tourism has become a significant and even essential part of the local
community. Its potential to alleviate poverty is numerous. It has a unique
potential to carry exchange and investment directly to the local level, and can
as well make significant contribution to rural development, particularly in
agricultural transformation, community enrichment and social empowerment. It
enhances the social standard of any given community and can change both the
environment and the lives of the members of that community.
Ezeagu Local Government Area is endowed
with natural and cultural tourism resources located all over the community,
having the highest concentration in Ihuezi Obunaofia Ndionu community, which
when harnessed can produce a distinctive tourism industry capable of generating
income and raising the living standard of the people. Communities suffering
economic bottleneck often have the necessary drive to actively consider
development option, and an appealing opportunity is the potential offered by
tourism. Therefore, the development and marketing of tourism potentials through
community-based tourism will not only end at boosting the economy of the area
and upgrade the living standard of the people, but will also better the social,
political and the cultural lives of the host. This work examines the impact of tourism in Ezeagu Local Government Area
of Enugu State.
They are three major attractions in Ezeagu which are Ihuneke
Lake, Ihu-ogba cave and Ogbagada waterfall. These
attractions classified the site as the Ezeagu
Tourist Complex. The three attractions were classified as major because of
their individual values to Ezeagu people as well as their potentials for
tourism development.
IHENEKE LAKE
According to Juliana Ngozi Ilofar she said the present
position of the lake was formally occupied by Umuagu in Omughu Obeleagu-Umana.
It is believed that the lake developed spontaneously after a light rainfall
overnight and drove away the initial inhabitants of the area. The lake is about
45 km diameter, and is hosting a multitude of organism ranging from micro to
macro organisms providing a natural habitat with relatively constant
environment.
Emeka Okonkwo opined that Ihuneke Lake is a fresh water
lake covering an area of about 5sq.km, and it is surrounded mainly by bamboo
tress and other flora species. The adjoining virgin landmass is a good ground
for the establishment of a recreational park including hotels, shopping complex
and golf course. The lake is usually cold in the afternoon and slightly warm in
the morning and evening respectively. It is about 6.9 meters deep and this
enables boat activities and comfortable swimming. Among the faunas found in and
around the lake are Pythons, Guinea fowls and Crocodiles. It is locally
believed that mermaid spirits appear in the lake at intervals of time. However,
the movement of the lake can hold tourists spellbound as its direction changes
periodically; thus, in the morning the lake flows downwards, at noon it flows
upwards and at sundown it becomes stagnant.
Fish Pond Area at the
Lake
Juliana
Ngozi Ilofar also gave names of the animal’s species that are found in the lake:
|
S/N
|
Scientific
Name
|
Common
Name
|
Local
Name
|
|
1
|
Alestes
spp
|
Electric
fish
|
Eruru(elieli)
|
|
2
|
Tilapia
spp
|
Tilapia
|
Ikpopo
|
|
3
|
Hermichromism
spp
|
-----
|
Nkolo
|
|
4
|
Pantandom
bucholzii
|
Flying
fish
|
-----
|
|
5
|
Charias
spp
|
Mud
fish
|
Okpo
|
|
6
|
Phracholaemus
spp
|
---
|
Mgbindigbi
|
|
7
|
Hepaetus
oedo
|
Tiger
fish
|
Agunevo
|
|
8
|
Eel
|
Snake
fish
|
Unia
|
|
9
|
Malapteurus
electricus
|
---
|
---
|
|
10
|
Mormyrops
spp
|
-----
|
Nduru
|
|
11
|
Mormyrops
deliciouscus
|
-----
|
Nduru
|
|
12
|
Auchenoglanis
occidentalis
|
------
|
Okpu
isi nkita
|
|
13
|
Aemich
ronus
|
------
|
------
|
|
14
|
Channa
obsara
|
------
|
Nkolo
efi
|
|
15
|
Neap
|
Water
corpion
|
Api-
miri
|
|
16
|
Dytiscus
|
Water
beetle
|
Ebe
|
|
17
|
Perithemis
|
Dragon
fly
|
-----
|
IHU-OGBA (CAVE)
Ihu-ogba, a popular cave in Ezeagu is located east of Ihuneke Lake and it is believed that
God (chukwu) was living inside the cave according to the local tour guide
Benjamin okeke, he also said that is it only one family that has the right to
enter the cave; that any other person that enters it will die. He also went further
to say that the cave was a hiding place for the people of ihuezi during the war and that the length of
the cave reached 9th mile area which they are yet to find the place
it stopped. The cave is hosting the famous Ogba deity which popularized
the cave given rise to religious activities within the cave such as sacrifices
and spiritual consultations. The name ‘Ihu-ogba’ is derived from the
local dialects ‘Ihu’ meaning face and ‘Ogba’ meaning cave, which
literally means “the face of a cave”. The origin of Ogba is unknown among the
people of Ihuezi clan according to Emeka Okonkwo. However, a single date of
3000 years has been given by Enugu State Tourism Board www.enugustatetourismboard.com
. This has not been substantiated by any scientific
investigation such as historical, archaeological, anthropological,
lexico-statistical and genetic methods, among others. Ogba has two
entrances with three chambers.
The first and major entrance measures about 3.1 meters
in height and 1.8 meters wide. While the second entrance measures 2.8 meters in
height and 1.9 meters wide. The first and the largest chamber are 2,960 meters
wide and 13.2 meters high Okonwko Emeka concluded. The cave is inhabited by
bats of different sizes, and when disturbed, they take to their flight
producing a hurricane sound. The population of the bats runs in thousands if
counted. Another significant feature of cave is that it has an opening at the
top from where sun rays lighten the cave.
The walls of the cave taste salty. The second chamber
is more of a corridor that links the first and the third chambers. It measures
22sq.km with a height of 2.6 meters. This chamber is very dark and it links the
major entrance to the third chamber. The third chamber which measures 18sq.km
is the darkest of all the chambers and visibility is often difficult even with
a torch light. It is believed to be the habitation of the spirits of Ogba.
OGBAGADA WATER FALL
The warm and cold spring in Ezeagu is
called ‘Agada’ or Okpaku by the
people of Umuagu in Omughu Obeleagu-Umana, the water is between the boundary of
the two communities and It is one of the major sources of water for the
community measuring about 126 meters wide with varying depths that range from
0.8 to 3.2 meters respectively according to Peter Okeke. In view of Emeka
Okonkwo the waterfall is locally called ‘Ogbagada’
is about 23 meters high, it rushes down the cliff with thunderous sound that
attracts attention. One great phenomenon about Ogbagada is its associated ability to signal the beginning of
hammatan through an unusual loud noise from the falls. Furthermore, when a
titled or aged man in the village is about to die or immediately he is dead;
the fall also produces louder sound that everybody around the village can hear.
Both Ogbagada waterfall and Agada warm and cold spring is popular
picnic arena for fun lovers. Other minor attractions in Ezeagu worthy of note
here are Odor-Ugwu cave, Ogba Umuogubi cave, Ogbo Gwoo Gwoo cave, Ogba Agana
cave, Ngene Mkpume spring water, Ogbavuruvuru stream, thick
forested vegetation, hill and the people’s diverse cultural
activities.
Through sacred laws, sanctions and taboos, these attractions are conserved. One
of such taboos is that a female does not enter Ihu-ogba cave on trousers
and pants. Ethnographic sources revealed that a female student went against
this taboo and was faced with continuous (nonstop bleeding) menstruation. The
student regained her health after sacrifices were offered to Ogba deity.
Again, a widow does not enter Ihu-ogba cave, Ihuneke Lake or Ogbagada
waterfall when she is still mourning her husband. Ethnographic sources also
revealed that people are forbidden to make loud noise close to and/or near the
fall because it increases its noise to a frightening height when there is
external noise by human beings etc. These taboos act as protective shields to
the attractions, which ensure their continual survival till date.
But notwithstanding, according to Johnpaul Ezeani consultant to Enugu
state tourism board said Songhi farm is one of the biggest farm in West Africa and
is located in Ihuezi Obunaofia Ndionu, Ezeagu Local Government Area; is a
private farm but they are into partnership with Enugu State Government. They
produce various types of cash crops; they are also into livestock rearing. The
sources of water to the farm is from Iheneke Lake which surrounds the farm
IMPACT OF TOURISM ON EZEAGU
Recently,
the measurement of economic impact of tourism has relied on input-output modeling.
Input-output models can be used to assess the value added and inter-industries
relationship attributable to tourism at the country level (Kweka et al, 2003;
Archer, 1995; Archer & Fletcher, 1996; Heng & Low, 1990; Seow, 1981,
and Khan et al., 1990) and to examine the impact of tourism at the host
community (West, 1993; DBEDT, 2002; Frechtling & Horvath, 1999; Finn &
Erdem, 1995). Table 1 reports the multiplier effects of selected applied I-O study
for the Local Government Areas.
|
Economy
|
Effect by %
|
Main Finding
|
|
Ezeagu
|
2%
|
Direct tourism jobs
constitute most of the employment in the local government and 3% if indirect
and induced jobs are included. Tourism contributes over 5% to the state GDP
|
|
Tourist Income
|
4%
|
The income impact of one tourist
expenditure is estimated at N 0.77. Employment multipliers are relatively
high (i.e. in 2002, 30 full time equivalent employees per tourist
expenditure).
|
|
Tourist Spending
|
5%
|
Tourism expenditure Impacts vary
by visitor country of origin.
|
|
Direct Income
|
20%
|
Direct tourism jobs constitute
5.7% of the state employment and 12.6% if indirect and induced jobs are
included. Tourism contributes over 10% to the state GDP.
|
Source: Enugu State Tourism Board
However, despite their general
equilibrium structure, input – output models do not pay explicit attention to
the effects of tourism on factor incomes or income distribution. Input-output
models assume that wages and prices do not change regardless of the level of
production.
Economic
Impact
Economic
benefits and costs of tourism reach virtually everyone in the community in one
way or the other. Before determining the economic impact of tourism in the community
it is essential to gain insight into the relationship between tourism and the
economy in general. There is considerable evidence which suggests a positive
correlation between tourism growth and economic development as “… tourism has a
crucial role in developing countries. It helps to lower deficits in the Balance
of Payments, increase levels of economic growth and raise job opportunities”
(Loutfi et al., 2000: 2). How does tourism impact the economy on a
practical level? “Tourism has a variety of economic impacts. Tourists
contribute to sales, profits, jobs, tax revenues, and income in an area. The most
direct effects occur within the primary tourism sectors - lodging, restaurants,
transportation, amusements, and retail trade (Stynes, 1998: 4). From economic
perspective tourism is an “activity that is defined by consumers at the point of
consumption” (Nedelea et al., 2008: 250). This means that any money
spent for any reason by tourists in a specific location will make a
contribution to the economy of that specific location (Nedelea et al.,
2008: 250). Tourist spending takes place across all sectors of the economy and
is not only limited to those parts of the economy with “identifiable tourism
characteristic sectors such as transport, hotels and recreation”. Spending may
include purchases of groceries, fuel and other items not normally seen as part
of the “tourism economy” (Nedelea et al., 2008: 250). “Clearly then the
initial expenditure by visitors can have significant additional effects
throughout the rest of the economy, resulting in increased income and
expenditure by a wide range of household groups not necessarily directly
connected with tourism” (Pao, 2005: 70).
In the words of Ozo Ejike Martins, he said impact of
tourism on Ezeagu Local Government Area cannot be over emphasized, he said tourism
has contributed a lot in bring out Ezeagu Local Government Area to lime light.
The State Government has constructed all the roads that lead to various tourist
site in the communities where they are located, and has given them light, and drinking
water etc. these are the basic ones. Unlike some of its environmental and socio-cultural
effects, tourisms economic impacts are mainly considered to be beneficial.
These are:
- The
generation of foreign exchange,
- The
creation of new job and employment opportunities, this is in the area of
local security and guided tour operators from the community
- The
stimulation of trade, income and entrepreneurship - especially in the service
and small business sectors; the community people have some things which
they sell to the tourists that visit the site.
- The
provision of new infrastructure which is available for non-tourism uses,
- greater
tax revenues permitting greater government spending - or reduced taxes on
other activities, and
- The
operation of what is called the multiplier effect.
Environmental
Impact
The quality of the environment, both natural and man-made, is
essential to tourism. However, the relationship of tourism with the environment
is complex. It involves many activities that can have adverse environmental
effects. Many of these impacts are linked with the construction of general
infrastructure such as roads and airports, and of tourism facilities, including
resorts, hotels, restaurants, shops, golf courses and marinas. The negative
impacts of tourism development can gradually destroy environmental resources on
which it depends. On the other hand, tourism has the potential to create
beneficial effects on the environment by contributing to environmental
protection and conservation. It is a way to raise awareness of environmental
values and it can serve as a tool to finance protection of natural areas and
increase their economic importance.
According to Kenneth Okonkwo, he said since people
started visiting their place that it has made the place to be well known both
within and outside Enugu State, at the same time it has prompted the State
Government through the local government chairman to create access road that leads
to the various tourist sites which the various communities appreciated. But on
the other hand peoples visit to the sites especially the ogbadade/okpaku
waterfall has been a major problem to them because the place is not been clean
by the people that is meant to do it and this will cause harm to their
communities because that is there major source of their drinking water. He also
went on to say that Negative impacts from tourism occur when the level of
visitor use is greater than the environment's ability to cope with this use
within acceptable limits of change which is what they are facing today. He said
uncontrolled conventional tourism poses potential threats to many natural areas
around the world. It can put enormous pressure on an area and lead to impacts
such as soil erosion, increased pollution, discharges into the sea, natural
habitat loss, increased pressure on endangered species and heightened
vulnerability to forest fires. It often puts a strain on water resources, and
it can force local populations to compete for the use of critical resources. The adverse impact that tourism can
have on the environment both undermines the basic resource for tourism in
coastal areas and heavily affects other non-tourist economic activities. To
avoid these impacts tourism needs to be planned, managed and undertaken in a
way that is environmentally sustainable, socially beneficial and economically
viable.
Socio-Cultural Impact
The social
contacts between tourists and local people may result in mutual appreciation,
understanding, tolerance, awareness, learning, family bonding respect, and
liking. Residents are educated about the outside world without leaving their
homes, while their visitors significantly learn about a distinctive culture.
Local communities are benefited through contribution by tourism to the improvement
of the social infrastructure like schools, libraries, health care institutions,
internet cafes, and so on. Besides, if local culture is the base for attracting
tourists to the region, it helps to preserve the local traditions and handicrafts
which maybe were on the link of the extinction. In the words of Chinelo Dennis,
she said their people are social able and are eager to always welcome any
tourist or visitor that visits there place. She gave instance the way people
trouped out in hundreds of thousands to welcome the visitors and tourists that
came to their place during the closing ceremony of the annual culture and
tourism fiesta 2013 which she said was a very good thing for their community.
She said this has brought about living together in harmony unlike as it was in
the olden days when they fear each other.
In
addition, Destruction of local customs and belief system, once an area is
declared tourist destination, it is usually beautified and this enhances the
image of that area, creates a centre of attention for commercial investment
both within and outside the tourism trade by signifying to potential investors
that the area is good for business. Eze-Uzomaka (2006:116) stressed that there
will be increase number of vehicles moving in these areas, if wildlife is not
properly protected from humans; their lives could be in jeopardy. It is
pertinent to state here that large population of tourists in the area could
lead to destruction of local customs for example some communities have sacred
animals which moves freely in those communities without being harmed, tourism
could endanger the lives of these sacred animals either by killing them or
capturing them for research purposes. Introduction of alien tradition, any
society or community in its virgin state upholds strongly to their culture and
acceptable behavioural patterns. Tourism tends to bring new orientation to the
peoples’ value system. It could lead to influx of strangers with loose morals
into the community which could encourage bad, immoral living, prostitution,
homosexual activities, drug dealing and get rich quick syndrome which were unknown in the community (Neto 2003:5). While we recognize these vices, the tourist’s managers have the responsibilities to work towards not allowing any of it to destroy the culture and values of the rural and urban societies where tourism is patronized.
ANAYSIS
Having seen the
tourist attractions in Ezeagu local Government Area and its impact in all
ramifications, it will suffix to say that
tourism is a sector that can contribute to the economic growth of a
region. Moreover, tourism produces social benefits to the region (i.e. small
and medium-sized enterprises’ development, creation of new jobs, improvement of
infrastructure etc.). Culturally, tourism is said to be an element of community
enrichment, thanks to the meeting of different cultures. Also it can positively
contribute to the maintenance of a natural environment by protecting, creating
or maintaining the area or other protected areas. For tourism activities to succeed in
any area, the tourists, the business providing tourist goods and services, the
government of the host community/area and the host community must have a positive
attitude towards the industry. Without this attitude, the development of
tourism will be hampered. All progressive governments in the world are
interested in tourism, particularly in local tourism. The reason for this is
that the industrial and enterprising leaders have, through the years, come to
recognize the economic advantages of tourism. What these countries have done
about making tourism a viable, growing segment of their economies presents the
widest possible divergence from virtually nothing to superbly organized, highly
productive tourism industry
Her
natural endowments are known beyond her neighbouring villages as well as the
state as attested to by Nigerian Tourism Development Corporation survey work on
the site in 2005. Ezeagu caves, lake and waterfall hold the potential for
education and research as well as recreational activities. A small token is
designated to the chief priest for sacrifice before approval is granted for one
to explore the caves; while the lake and waterfall harbours varieties of
aquatic species for protein. However,
there are statistical analysis of data collected from Johnpaul Ezeani
consultant to Enugu State Tourism board about the inflow and outflow of tourist
in Ezeagu tourist complex.
This was so because from 2002 to 2009 people don’t know much about Ezeagu local
government area talk less of its tourism potentials. But from 2010 to present
when the state government through the state tourism board started promoting the
tourist site to the general public that is when it started to receive the
necessary attention it requires. This was what prompted the Director General
Nigeria Tourism Development Corporation to visit the site as part of her duty
to encourage Nigerians and the ones in Diaspora to visit home to appreciate
what the almighty has blessed us with
Ways to Mitigating the Negative Impact
Tourism has the potential to increase public appreciation of the
environment and to spread awareness of environmental problems when it brings
people into closer contact with nature and the environment. This confrontation
may heighten awareness of the value of nature and lead to environmentally
conscious behavior and activities to preserve the environment. If it is to be
sustainable in the long run, tourism must incorporate the principles and
practices of sustainable consumption. Sustainable consumption includes building
consumer demand for products that have been made using cleaner production
techniques, and for services including tourism services that are provided in a
way that minimizes environmental impacts. The tourism industry can play a key
role in providing environmental information and raising awareness among tourists
of the environmental consequences of their actions.
Ø
Protection and
Preservation
Tourism can significantly contribute to environmental
protection, conservation and restoration of biological diversity and
sustainable use of natural resources. Because of their attractiveness, pristine
sites and natural areas are identified as valuable and the need to keep the
attraction alive can lead to creation of national parks and wildlife parks. In
Enugu state, the state government has enacted laws to preserve and protect all
the tourist sites in the State, which Ezeagu is inclusive.
Ø
Regulatory Measures
Regulatory
measures help offset negative impacts; for instance, controls on the number of
tourist activities and movement of visitors within protected areas can limit impacts
on the ecosystem and help maintain the integrity and vitality of the site. Such
limits can also reduce the negative impacts on resources. Limits
should be established after an in-depth analysis of the visitor capacity.
Ø Awareness
Adequate
publicity and awareness should be made by the management in order to showcase
the potentials of these tourism resources to the populace. Tour guides should
be provided to make things easier for the tourists.
Ø Diversification of the economy
Economic
diversity helps reduce the influence of negative impacts to the host community.
If tourism has a poor year, other economic activities may offset the impact and
vice versa.
Ø Degree of local involvement in
tourism and attitudes of tourism leaders
Local
involvement helps align tourism with the attitudes of the rest of the
community. Local ownership and management of tourism businesses keep profits
from leaving the community. In most cases, if tourism businesses are
cooperative in responding to residents' concerns, the industry will have strong
local support.
Ø Public transportation options
Availability
of local public transportation (bus, trolley, cab, shuttle, train) and
alternative transportation corridors (bicycle, pedestrian) can reduce auto
congestion. Poor access can make facilities inaccessible for motor coach or
public transit.
Directing
tourism growth toward local needs, interests, and limits can greatly enhance
tourisms value to the community and help create a sustainable industry. Many
small communities have the skills and resources for successful tourism
development. Creating a local tourism industry is not a daunting task, but
making tourism really "fit" the community requires work. Creating a
successful and sustainable tourism industry is like creating any successful and
sustainable economic activity
SUMMARY,
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
For
decades tourism industry growth has been a major contributor to increased
economic activity throughout the world. It has created jobs in both large and
small communities and is a major industry in many places. It is the dominant
economic activity in some communities. Yet, the impacts of tourism to a
community are not widely understood – even where tourism is growing
dramatically and should be of the greatest interest or concern. Most people
think of tourism in terms of economic impacts, jobs, and taxes. However, the
range of impacts from tourism is broad and often influences areas beyond those
commonly associated with tourism. Leaders as well as residents who understand
the potential impacts of tourism can integrate this industry into their
community in the most positive way. The
long-term sustainability of tourism rests on the ability of community leaders
and tourism professionals to maximize its benefits and minimize its costs. Tourism
creates catastrophe situation all over the world and this collapse condition
can extinguish regional collaboration and communication. Everybody should be
conscious about the negative impact of tourism and take the proper steps to
lessen the problem specially each government of each country and international
authority in regarding of tourism industry.
Conclusion
Nowadays
tourism is one of the dynamic economic activities in creating socio - economic
changes across the world which has been increasingly important. Since, in the
world present circumstances, diversifying the economy, enhancing human
development indicators, reduce the problems of industrialization and pollution
excessive cities, employment, cultural exchanges, environmental protection and
ultimately sustainable development including the challenges facing the country
are considered, importance of desired topic is completely clear. On the other
hand, The tourism sector is probably the only service sector that provides
concrete and quantified trading opportunities for all nations, regardless of
their level of development. However, it is also a sector where there is clearly
an uneven distribution of benefits, which is threatening the social, economic
and environmental sustainability of tourism in some developing countries. For
many developing countries tourism is one of fundamental pillars of their
development process because it is one of the dominant activities in the economy,
while for others, particularly by islands and some small economies, it is the
only source of foreign currency and employment, and therefore constitutes the
platform for their economic development. Therefore, Tourism planners must
realize that these three concepts, ‘the environment, the economy and the
society are inextricably linked… like a spider’s web- touch, one part of it and
reverberations will be felt throughout’
Recommendations
The
local government should make appropriate arrangement to enlist these sites so
as to help draw the attention of the federal government towards their rapid
development. Adequate security network should be provided by the state government
as no tourist will think of visiting a site without security of life and
property.
When these identified resources are
developed into tourism products, the local governments should evolve a strong
strategy to make the area better for the local people, since tourism brings
with it many negative effects. To reduce these problems, the local government
must take care of the local people as a first priority. The local government
should invite the private companies to boost development in the area. Companies
have to develop the whole area as well as the resort area and give the local
people more jobs, more facilities for an enhanced lifestyle.
On the part of the local people, since they
have direct contact with these sites they should try and keep them clean in
order to preserve and protect them. However, this can only be achieved when
they know the importance of these sites to their community. Awareness campaign
should be carried out in order that the potentials of these resources will be
made known to the people.
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